Paisagens e resistência na diáspora africana

Cinco séculos do dendê na Bahia

Autores

  • Case Watkins James Madison University
  • Rafael Barbi Costa e Santos

Resumo

Este trabalho pesquisa o desenvolvimento a longo prazo das paisagens de dendê no nordeste brasileiro no estado da Bahia. Em contraste com as monoculturas agroindustriais que dominam a produção global, o dendê na Bahia emerge de uma paisagem cultural biodiversa construída através de cinco séculos de um intercâmbio socioecológico transatlântico. Nativas da África Ocidental, as palmeiras-de-óleo-africanas (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) se disseminaram no Novo Mundo com a expansão colonial ultramarina, estabelecendo-se na Bahia no século XVII. Ali, as palmeiras ajudaram a formar uma paisagem cultural complexa e biodiversa que continua a suprir as demandas alimentares e espirituais locais pelo dendê - um recurso essencial em muitas expressões culturais afro-brasileiras. Estendendo-se aproximadamente 70 quilômetros ao sul da capital Salvador, as paisagens tradicionais de dendê da Bahia são agora oficialmente chamadas de Costa do Dendê, usando o termo de inspiração afro-brasileira Kimbundu Bantu para o óleo de palma. Historicamente, oficiais coloniais e a elite brasileira mostraram pouco interesse na economia do dendê da Bahia, concedendo-o efetivamente aos afrodescendentes até meados do século XX. Desde então, uma série de intervenções modernas de desenvolvimento tem procurado transformar as paisagens complexas e biodiversas da Costa do Dendê em uma monocultura de dendê, baseada numa variedade híbrida melhorada. No entanto, apesar dos esforços recorrentes de cima para baixo, os dendezais emergentes ou “subespontâneos” e as paisagens policulturais tradicionais continuam a dominar o uso da terra na região. Baseado em etnografia, interpretações da paisagem, arquivos e análise geoespacial, este trabalho analisa o desenvolvimento histórico da economia do dendê na Bahia, relatando cinco séculos das mudanças socioecológicas na Costa do Dendê. O estudo integra obras geográficas recentes da diáspora africana com teorias de legibilidade e complexidade para compreender a contínua proliferação das paisagens tradicionais de dendê da Bahia apesar da promoção de monoculturas modernas.

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2023-09-08